Gortyna (or Gortyn) is located in the middle of the Mesara plain in south-central Crete. It is the largest archaeological site on the island and one of the most fascinating. The ancient city was an important settlement throughout antiquity and became the capital of the Roman Province Creta et Cyrenaica in the late 1st century BC. According to tradition, it is where Zeus, in the guise of a bull, brought the princess Europa from her home in Phoenicia. Homer mentions Gortyna in the Iliad as “having walls” and in the Odyssey as the place where Menelaus and his fleet of ships, returning home from the Trojan War, were blown off course to the Cretan coastline. Nowadays, Gortyna is particularly well known for its Law Code, the longest extant ancient Greek stone inscription in Greece.

Coordinates: 35° 3′ 45.46″ N, 24° 56′ 48.52″ E

The region of Gortyna has been continuously occupied since the Neolithic era (5000-3300 BC). During the Minoan period, a small settlement established itself under the control of the Minoan palace of nearby Phaistos. Gortyna later developed around a fortified acropolis surrounding the Temple of Athena Poliouchos (city protector), as shown on a clay idol of the armed goddess found on the site. From the 8th century BC, the city expanded towards the south and began to spread to the foot of the hill and along the banks of the Lethaios River, where the agora was laid down in the 6th century BC. At the same time, other small settlements started to appear further down the plain, like the site of the Temple of Apollo Pythios. In the Archaic era, a second centre was added to the city around the Temple of Apollo, which became the new official temple of the town.

During the Classical period, Gortyna continued to grow and prosper, but very little remains of this period except for the twelve stone blocks carrying the famous law code discovered in 1884. The 600 lines, written in a Dorian dialect and dating to the first half of the 5th century BC, were the earliest law code in the Greek world. The inscription, inscribed in the boustrophedon system of writing (alternate lines in opposite directions), provides important information on the city’s laws and, specifically, its civil law. The code deals with matters surrounding family and inheritance laws, adoptions, and divorces, as well as with crimes against morals (rapes, adultery) and the rights of women and slaves.

When the Romans invaded Crete, Gortyna sided with the conquerors, and the city became the island’s capital. It enjoyed great prosperity and was endowed with lavish public buildings, including a majestic praetorium, an amphitheatre, a hippodrome (unique in Greece), a third agora, baths and temples. At its peak, over 100,000 people are believed to have lived here.

From the 3rd century AD, during the early Christian years, Gortyna was the first Cretan city to welcome the new religion. The nearby village of Agii Deka (Ten Saints) was named after the ten Christian martyrs killed in the amphitheatre in AD 249. One of the first Christian churches was built at Gortyna, and the remains of an important 6th-century Byzantine church can still be seen today. It was dedicated to St. Titus, the first Bishop of Crete, appointed by the Apostle Paul and tasked with disseminating the Christian religion throughout the island. The city was finally destroyed by the Saracens in AD 824.

The ruins of Gortyna occupy a two-kilometre-long square area, making this archaeological site the largest in Crete and one of the biggest in the whole of Greece. Sadly, most buildings are not easily explored and have been fenced off. The only structure fully accessible is the Odeum with the Law Code. Finds from the site are on display in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum and the Sculpture Gallery at the site.

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he Acropolis of Gortyn was inhabited from the Neolithic to the Early Byzantine period when the large fortress was built. — The Acropolis of Gortyna was inhabited from the Neolithic to the Early Byzantine period when the large fortress was built.

The remains of the Temple of Athena on the Acropolis of Gortyn. The temple was built in the 7th century BC and converted to a basilica in the 6th century AD. — The remains of the Temple of Athena on the Acropolis of Gortyna. The temple was built in the 7th century BC and converted into a basilica in the 6th century AD.

View of the site of Gortyn and the Mesara Plain from the Acropolis. — View of the site of Gortyna and the Mesara Plain from the Acropolis.

The Roman Odeum. The famous Law Code was covered by a brick built vaulted stoa a few years after its discovery. — The Roman Odeum. It was built in the 1st century BC and, after being damaged by an earthquake, was restored by Trajan. The Odeum was a roofed building used for musical and theatrical performances. It is one of the best preserved of its kind in Crete.

The Roman Odeum, built in the 1st century BC and after being damaged by an earthquake, was restored by Trajan, Gortyna, Crete — The Scene and Orchestra of the Roman Odeum. The scene had three entrances and rectangular niches where marble statues stood. The orchestra had a diameter of 8.5m and was covered with blue and white marble paving.

The cavea of the Odeum with carved stone seats which was supported by a vaulted arcade sheltering the Laws of Gortyn. — The cavea of the Odeum with carved stone seats. The cavea was supported by a vaulted arcade that sheltered the Laws of Gortyna.

The Law Code of Gortyn dated to the early 5th century BC. It is housed in a small vaulted brick structure built by the Archaeological Service in 1889. — The Law Code of Gortyna is dated to the early 5th century BC. It is housed in a small vaulted brick structure built by the Archaeological Service in 1889.

The Law Code of Gortyn dated to the early 5th century BC. — The Law Code of Gortyna, inscribed in the boustrophedon writing system (alternate lines in opposite directions), provides important information on the city and civil laws.

The Great North Theatre built at the foot of the acropolis. It is the oldest theatre of Gortyn. The proscenium (front of the scene) was decorated with statues and reliefs among which a statue of Europe on the Bull was found. This marble group is now kept in the British Museum and is dated to the 2nd century BC (see image here). — The Great North Theatre was built at the foot of the Acropolis. It is the oldest theatre of Gortyna. The proscenium (front of the scene) was decorated with statues and reliefs, among which a statue of Europe on the Bull was found. This marble group is now kept in the British Museum and is dated to the 2nd century BC (see image here).

The Temple of Apollo Pythios, the main sanctuary of pre-Roman Gortyn built in the 7th century BC. — The Temple of Apollo Pythios was the main sanctuary of pre-Roman Gortyna. It was built in the 7th century BC and was restored and enlarged during the Hellenistic period, whilst alterations and additions were made during the Roman period.

The stepped altar of the Temple of Apollo Pythios which stood before the pronaos and was built during the Roman period. — The stepped altar of the Temple of Apollo Pythios stood before the pronaos. It was built during the Roman period.

Overview of the Temple of Apollo Pythios.

The Praetorium built at the beginning of the 2d century AD during the reign of Trajan, it was the residence of the governor of the province. — The Praetorium was built at the beginning of the 2nd century AD during the reign of Trajan. It was the province’s governor’s residence and also served as an administrative building.

The Praetorium consisted of a peristyle court covering an area of 1000 square metres and large halls. — The Praetorium consisted of a peristyle court covering an area of 1000 square metres with large halls.

The Temple of the Egyptian Gods dedicated to the Egyptian gods Isis, Serapis and Anubis. The sanctuary consists of quadrilateral nave, arcade on the west, underground crypt in the south and a cistern outside east of nave. In the central alcove stood the statue of Serapis and the side statues of Isis and Anubis. — The Temple of the Egyptian Gods was dedicated to Isis, Serapis and Anubis. The sanctuary consisted of a quadrilateral nave with an arcade on the west, an underground crypt on the south and a cistern. The final construction phase of the temple dates to the 1st / 2nd century. AD.

The Church of Haghios Titus. It was built in the 6th century AD, but much of what survives certainly belongs to later repairs and additions. — The Church of Agios Titus. It was built in the 6th century AD, but much of what survives belongs to later repairs and additions.

SCULPTURES found at gortynA

Large relief plaque of poros stone depicting naked Goddesses wearing the polos crown, from the Archaic Temple of Athena in Gortyna, mid-7th century BC.

Clay figurine of the goddess Athena. She wears a helmet made separately. She would have held a spear and a shield, the body is wheel-made and the face is moulded. About 660-650 BC.

Portrait of emperor Caligula.

Portrait of emperor Tiberius.

Portrait of emperor Antonius Pius.

Portrait of emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Headless statue of emperor Hadrian. He is shown as a triumphant army commander wearing the military cuirass.

Statue group of Persephone (as Isis) and Pluto (as Serapis), from the Sanctuary of the Egyptian Gods at Gortyna, mid-2nd century AD.

Small marble statue of the goat-like Pan, 2nd century AD.

Small marble statue of Asclepius, god of medicine, early 2nd century AD.

Statue of emperor Antoninus Pius (original head in the Heraklion Museum).

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October 30, 2016October 18, 2022 by followinghadrian Categories: Crete, GreeceTags: Crete, Gortyn, Gortyna, Greece 3 Comments

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The remains of the Roman villa in Nennig.

The foundation remains of the Roman villa in Nennig.

Medallion depicting a organist and horn player. The beginning and the end of the Roman games were often accompanied by music. The mosaicist has depicted the water organ (hydraulis), know in the ancient world since 300 BC. The 27 organ-pipes rest on a hexagonal podium which also serves to store water for the organ. The organist plays the keyboard situated behind the pipes. The curved horn, which is braced and supported on the shoulder of the player by a cross bar, is a cornu.

Octagon depicting an organist and horn player.
The beginning and the end of the Roman games were often accompanied by music. The mosaicist has depicted the water organ (hydraulis), known in the ancient world since 300 BC. The 27 organ pipes rest on a hexagonal podium that also stores water for the organ. The organist plays the keyboard situated behind the pipes. The curved horn, which is braced and supported on the shoulder of the player by a crossbar, is a cornu.

Octagonal medallion depicting a Javelin thrower with a panther. The games usually began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighting) gladiators. Here the beast is wounded by the venator’s spear and tries to pull the javelin out. It succeeds only in breaking it in half. Delighted with his conquest, the proud venator received the acclamation of the crowd.

Octagon depicting a Javelin thrower with a panther.
The games usually began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighting) gladiators. Here the beast is wounded by the venator’s spear and tries to pull the javelin out. It only succeeds in breaking it in half. Delighted with his success, the proud venator received the crowd’s acclamation.

Octagonal medallion depicting a tiger attacking a wild ass. Another variety of venatio consisted of pitting animals against animals. The Romans loved to see large and dangerous animals fighting each other. In this scene, a wild ass, laid low by blows from the tiger’s paw, has fallen to the ground. Standing proudly, the victor of this unmatched contest looks around before commencing his bloody feast.

Octagon depicting a tiger attacking a wild ass.
Another variety of venatio consisted of putting animals against animals. In this scene, a wild ass, laid low by blows from the tiger’s paw, has fallen to the ground. Standing proudly, the victor of this unmatched contest looks around before starting his bloody feast.

Octagonal medallion depicting a resentful lion being led away by his aged keeper. This was the first of the illustrated panels to be discovered in 1852.

Octagon depicting a resentful lion being led away by his aged keeper.
This was the first of the illustrated panels to be discovered in 1852.

Octagonal medallion depicting two rogues trying to drive the animal off by lashes from their whips. In this panel, which is in the center of the mosaic, a bear has thrown one of his tormentors to the ground, while the other two attempt to drive the animal off by lashes from their whips. The venatores are wearing knee-breeches and very broad belts in addition to the leg wrappings. Later their clothing was reduced to the tunica.

Octagon depicting two rogues trying to drive the animal off with lashes from their whips.
A bear has thrown one of his tormentors to the ground while the other two attempt to drive the animal off. The venatores are wearing knee-breeches and very broad belts in addition to the leg wrappings. Later their clothing was reduced to the tunica.

Octagonal medallion depicting two combatants attacking one another with cudgels and a whip. The introduction to the gladiatorial contests consisted of a prolusio (prelude). The various pairs fought with blunted weapons, giving the foretaste of their skills.

Octagon depicting two combatants attacking one another with cudgels and a whip.
The introduction to the gladiatorial contests consisted of a prolusio (prelude). The various pairs of gladiators fought with blunted weapons, giving the foretaste of their skills.

Octagonal medallion depicting a Retiarus armed with trident and dagger fighting against a Secutor while a referee looks on. In the afternoon came the high point of the games, individual gladiatorial combats. These were usually matches between gladiators with different types of armor and fighting styles, supervised by a referee (summa rudis). This scene represents simultaneously the highlight and the conclusion of the games.

Rectangular panel depicting a Retiarus armed with a trident and dagger fighting against a Secutor while a referee looks on.
In the afternoon came the high point of the games; individual gladiatorial combats. These were usually matches between gladiators with different types of armour and fighting styles, supervised by a referee (summa rudis). This scene simultaneously represents the highlight and the conclusion of the games.

Following restorations in 1960/61, the following text was inserted: This Roman mosaic floor was discovered in 1852, reconstructed in 1874 and restored in 1960. The original medallion has been destroyed, perhaps intentionally, by later villa’s occupants.

General view of the Nennig Mosaic.

The Saarland and Moselle Valley’s ancient Roman heritage has much to offer tourists and scholars. More than 120 antique sights along the Moselle and the Saar rivers, the Saarland and Luxembourg are testaments to the Gallo-Roman era north of the Alps (further information here).

Opening hours:
April – September: Tuesday to Sunday 8:30 am – 12 noon and 1 – 6 pm
October, November and March: Tuesday to Sunday 9 – 11:30 am and 1 – 4:30 pm
Closed from December to February and on Mondays

Sources:

The Roman Mosaic at Nennig: A Brief Guide (n.d.) by Reinhard Schindler

Eckart Köhne, Cornelia Ewigleben, Ralph Jackson, Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000

Author: followinghadrian

Gortyna

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SCULPTURES found at gortynA

Roman Villa Nennig

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