Lying at the foothills of Mount Tmolus on the banks of the Pactolus River, Sardis was one of the great cities of Asia Minor. Today its ruins are located about 80 kilometres east of present-day İzmir in western Turkey. As the capital of the flourishing Kingdom of Lydia of the 7th century BC, Sardis achieved fame and wealth, especially under the last Lydian king, Croesus, before succumbing to the Persian conquest in the mid-6th century BC. Sardis fell, in turn, to the Athenians, the Seleucids, and the Attalids until it was conquered by the Romans in 133 BC. The city flourished under Roman peace, became an important centre of Christianity, and was home to a significant Jewish community. Sardis was one of the Seven Churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Sardis was the capital of the Kingdom of Lydia in the 7th and 6th centuries BC when a dynasty of kings from Gyges to Croesus conquered western Anatolia. King Croesus, who ruled Lydia from 560 to 546 BC, was the first person to issue gold and silver coins. Croesus’ legendary wealth led to the expression’ rich as Croesus’.
Sardis was located on a major route connecting the Aegean coast to inland Anatolia. Its wealth and prosperity can be attributed to its strategic location, trade and commerce ideal, and abundant water and mineral resources, most notably the legendary Pactolus, a little river that contained gold dust. The Persians brought the Lydian monarchy to a final and dramatic end when Cyrus II, King of Persia, invaded Sardis in 547 BC.
Under the Achaemenid Persians (547 – 334 BC), Sardis was the capital of Anatolia’s major satrapy (province). It formed the end station for the Persian Royal Road, which began in Susa in present-day Iran. During the Persian occupation, the inhabitants of Sardis engaged in industry and commercial trade, making Lydia one of the wealthiest kingdoms of the period. Sardis remained under Persian domination until it surrendered to Alexander the Greatin 334 BC.
After Alexander the Great’s conquest, Sardis was incorporated into the Hellenistic kingdoms and formed the western capital of the Seleucid empire when it acquired status as a Greek city-state. The monumental temple to the goddess Artemis on the site dates to this period. The theatre of Sardis, now sadly in ruins, was also built during this period.
In 133 BC, Sardis came under Roman rule when the last king of Pergamon, Attalus III Philometor, died and bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. The city became the metropolitan capital and centre of judicial administration of the Roman province of Lydia. The city was rebuilt after being destroyed by an earthquake in AD 17. According to Tacitus (Annals 2.47), Tiberius awarded ten million sesterces for its reconstruction and agreed to waive all taxes due from Sardis and the other cities for five years after the earthquake. Hadrian visited Sardis in AD 123/124 and 128 as a “new Dionysos“, whilst an inscription seems to mention a Hadrianeion (Temple of Hadrian).
Excavations in Sardis have uncovered more remains of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine city than of the Lydian town described by Herodotus. Since 1958 the universities of Harvard and Cornell have sponsored annual archaeological expeditions to Sardis. The major Roman bath-gymnasium complex has been exacted and restored as part of these works. The Synagogue was also discovered in 1962. Some of the important finds from the archaeological site of Sardis are kept in the Archaeological Museum of Manisa in Turkey.
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The ruins of the great Ionic Temple of Artemis are one of the largest in the world. Construction of the temple began during the Hellenistic era in the 3rd century BC on the location of a sanctuary of Artemis dating to the late 6th or 5th century BC.The underground foundations of the Lydian Altar of Artemis, the oldest preserved building in the sanctuary of Artemis (500-400 BC), where animal sacrifices, libations, and other offerings were made. The building above, which may have been much more finely made, has been entirely destroyed.View of Lydian Altar and Temple of Artemis.The altar was a stepped foundation made of limestone tufa. A set of marble stairs across the front of the building led to the higher level. The travertine stair blocks are modern replacements for the original marble stairs to protect the ancient foundations. The altar was restored in 2010-2012.The Temple of Artemis was renovated in the 2nd century AD by dividing the cella into two equal chambers. The temple incorporated the Imperial Cult. Both shrines were dedicated to Antoninus Pius and his wife Faustina (as Zeus and Artemis). The colossal head from a statue of the empress Faustina the Elder is now part of the British Museum collection.The Temple of Artemis was fronted on each end by eight columns almost 17.8 m high; twenty such columns were on each side. The extant columns are predominantly Roman replacements.The two complete Ionic columns have stood intact since antiquity and have never been restored. Most columns were unfluted as the Temple was never finished.Hellenistic column base on a Roman pedestal with Greek verse around the bottom of the column.The Temple of Artemis was abandoned with the coming of Christianity, and a small church was erected at the southeast corner.The Bath-Gymnasium complex was probably completed in the late 2nd – early 3rd century AD. This complex is a relatively common architectural type in Asia Minor, combining a Roman bath with vaulted halls and a colonnaded palaestra such as Ephesus and Ancyra.The two-storey colonnaded Marble Court of the Bath-Gymnasium complex. It was originally separated from the baths and was used for special ceremonies.Southwest corner and west ambulatory of the two-storey colonnaded Marble Court.The first storey of the Marble Court carried Ionic capitals, the second a type known as “acanthus-and-fluting”.The inscription on the first storey architrave with red-painted letters dedicates the Marble Court to the Roman Imperial family: Emperors Caracalla and Geta and their mother Julia Domna (Geta’s name is erased). It also records that two prominent citizens, Antonia Sabina and Flavia Pollitta, helped the city to pay the expenses of this project.The Palaestra of the Bath-Gymnasium Complex covers a total area of 6650 m2. It consisted of a large square peristyle court of 100 columns, bordered on the north and south by ranges of rooms.The Frigidarium (cold bath) with a long rectangular pool in its centre. The side walls are articulated by alternating semicircular and rectangular niches containing pools, basins and fountains.The monumental Synagogue was the centre of Jewish religious life in Sardis during the Late Roman period. Discovered in 1962, the building and its decorations have been partly restored.View of the Main Hall of the Synagogue ending in an apse. It was over 50 m long and large enough to hold nearly a thousand people.The Main Hall of the Synagogue with a marble table and lions and three tiers of marble-covered benches which served as seats for the synagogue elders The table and the lions are older than the Synagogue itself; they were moved from their original locations and reused here.The Peristyle Forecourt of the monumental Synagogue. It was roofed around the sides but opened to the sky in the centre.The Peristyle Forecourt of the Synagogue was paved with geometric mosaics, and the walls were covered with painted plaster. Floor mosaics constituted the most extensive part of the Synagogue’s decoration and covered some 1400 square metres.View of the Byzantine Shops and the Bath-Gymnasium Complex.The Byzantine Shops. The streets of the Late Roman Sardis were flanked by buildings that served various residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. The shops formed part of a lively commercial district in the 5th-6th centuries.A short segment of the Roman main street paved with marble blocks and flanked by covered porticoes.
following hadrian photography 