Tag: numidia

Tiddis (Castellum Tidditanorum)

Castellum Tidditanorum (modern Tiddis in Algeria) was a Roman city in Numidia, established as a military settlement in Augustus’ time. Built on a steep hillside of red earth with commanding views over a deep canyon, the Romans adapted their rule of town planning to the sloping topography, with streets winding their way up to the summit. Castellum Tidditanorum had gates, a forum, thermal baths, industrial installations (fillers, oileries, and pottery workshops), religious buildings, and a sanctuary of Mithras.

Coordinates: 36° 27′ 48″ N, 6° 29′ 2″ E

Tiddis was built as a defensive castellum (small Roman fort), one of a series of fortified villages surrounding the larger settlement at Cirta (Constantine) and protecting its territory. There was a settlement on this site from early times, at least since the Neolithic Berbers, but the Romans developed the town.

The Roman military settlement established in Augustus’ time eventually grew civil, adapting their town planning rule to the sloping topography, with streets winding their way to the summit. Colonnades, a triumphal arch, a small forum, a Mithraeum, a Christian neighbourhood, and the cardo maximus are among the surviving remains of this imperial centre of Roman culture.

Tiddis was the home of Quintus Lollius Urbicus, son of a Numidian Berber landowner. Quintus fought with Legio XXII Primigenia in Germany and Legio X Gemina in Pannonia, participated in the Bar Kokhba Revolt in Judaea, and was appointed consul and then governor of Roman Britain between 139 and 142. Quintus erected a circular family mausoleum, still standing outside the town on what was most likely the family estate.

PORTFOLIO

The North Gate, a single arch built in fine ashlar masonry in the 2nd century AD and marking the beginning of the Cardo Maximus. A dedicatory inscription (ILAlg 2, 3608) reveals that the gate was provided (sua pecunia) by Quintus Memmius Rogatus and that it was equipped with doors (cum valvis).
The Cardo Maximus and North Gate.
Large circular bazina close to the North Gate. These usually domed funerary monuments belong to the protohistory of North African Berber peoples. The bazinas were used as ossuaries. Inside, in the centre, is a chamber where the dead person was buried directly on the ground.
The Mithraeum, cut into the hillside. At the entrance are bullheads, a winged phallus in relief, and an inscription to the unconquered Mithras.
Inscription from the Mithraeum (CIMRM 162).
I(nvicto) M(ithrae) cultore/s de suo a s/olo // aedificarun[t]
To the unconquered Mithras, his devotees built this from their own funds.
Winged phallus carved on an entrance pier of the Mithraeum.
The Cardo Maximus was a paved road with two hairpin turns and ran under two arches set at right angles to each other.
A carved phallus along the Cardo Maximus.
The second arch crossing the Cardo Maximus below the Forum.
Two votive altars on the side of the Cardo Maximus dated to the 3rd century AD.
Left altar: Votive altar set up by Lucius Pescennius Sedatus in honour of his friend Quintus Voltius Maximus (ILAlg 2, 3615)
Right altar: Dedication to the Genius Populus by Q. Leptius Musteolus (ILAlg II.1, 3575)
Circular basin supported by four columns, most probably a Christian Baptistery.
The Small Forum of Tiddis. It sits on a 10 × 30 m terrace, making it one of the smallest Roman fora.
The small Forum had three east-facing separate rooms cut into the slope and opening onto it. They may have served civic purposes with a curia. Inscribed pedestals stand as memorials to distinguished citizens.
One of the three east-facing separate rooms cut into the slope and opening onto the small Forum.
Pedestal for a statue of Julia Domna (wife of Septimius Severus) in the Forum (CIL 08, 06702).

View over the Forum and Potter’s Quarter in the lower town.
The Small Baths and the defences of the Byzantine period in the background.
The small baths were equipped with a caldarium, a tepidarium, and a frigidarium containing a square bathtub.
The Small Baths and the defences of the Byzantine period in the background.
Inscription celebrating the construction of the Small Baths, dated to AD 251. ILAlg 2, 3596
The cistern supplied the Small Baths with rainwater falling on the hillside above through channel conduits. The three large basins could hold some 350,000 litres of water.

View over the Khreneg gorge carved by the Oued Rhumel.
View over the lower town with the Potter’s Quarter, large oilery and residential houses.

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Lambaesis

Lambaesis is a Roman archaeological site in Algeria, 10 km southeast of Batna and 27 km west of Timgad. It was the headquarters of Legio III Augusta, originally a camp of the legion before becoming the legion’s permanent base in AD 120 during the reign of Hadrian, who visited the North African provinces and inspected the Roman army stationed there. A civilian town developed around a military camp, which later became the capital of the newly created province of Numidia under the Severan dynasty. The town maintained its high status until the 4th century AD, when it was slowly abandoned.

Coordinates: 35°29’20.0″N 6°15’21.0″E

Lambaesis was founded by the Roman military in the province of Africa Proconsularis. The camp of the Third Augustan Legion, Rome’s main military force in North Africa, appears to have been established around AD 81 during the time of Vespasian by a subunit or an auxiliary unit. However, it became a huge military settlement and the legion’s actual military headquarters when Hadrian transferred it from Theveste (Tébessa, Algeria) in 120. The legion was charged with defending the area, controlling traffic, and collecting taxes along the important trade route. It is estimated that the Lambaesis camp could house some six thousand soldiers.

Aerial view of the Lambaesis camp in the 3rd century AD.
Watercolor by Jean-Claude Golvin (source).

The layout of the castrum at Lambaesis resembles many other Roman legionary bases of Hadrianic date. Two streets, one running in an east-west direction, the via principals, the other in a north-south direction, the via praetoria, divided the large camp into four parts of unequal size. The legionary base consisted of a vast 24-hectare rectangle surrounded by stone walls (550 x 450 m), strengthened by towers and bastions and pierced by four gates. To the west was an enclosed exercise area measuring 200 square metres, where the cohorts were trained. In the centre stood a 10-square-metre platform surmounted by a Corinthian column erected in AD 128 to commemorate Hadrian’s visit.

Fragments of an inscription (ILS 2487 and 9133–5) preserved on two pedestals indicate that Hadrian addressed the troops on the parade ground. In the summer of 128, Hadrian observed the legion and the attached auxilia over several days of exercises and addressed different groups of soldiers separately in a speech (aldocutio). He commented on their manoeuvres, praised their skill, and criticized any mistakes, speaking directly to them, unit by unit. On July 13, he praised the Ala I Pannoniorum for their javelin throwing, which they performed while wearing the legionary cuirass. He complimented their prowess, telling them:

ILS 2487 © Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum – BBAW

“You did everything according to the book. You filled the training ground with your wheelings, you threw spears not ungracefully, though with short and stiff spears. Several of you hurled spears with skill. Your jumping onto the horses here was lively and yesterday swift.” Tr. M. Speidel – Emperor Hadrian’s speeches to the African Army: A new Text (2006)

The inscriptions on the base of Hadrian’s monument contain excerpts from his five speeches to the legion and auxiliaries. They are the only surviving example of a speech from a Roman emperor to his soldiers.

The legionary camp is one of the best-preserved military complexes of its type. However, it was greatly damaged in 1851 when a penitentiary was built in the southwest part, and the village was also built on the ruins.

Roman Rule in North Africa (146 BCE to 395 CE). Hadrian ordered the soldiers of the Third Legion to pave the military road between Carthage and Theveste (CIL VIII 10081) and to construct a road from Rusicada to Cirta (CIL 08 10296).
Map created by Simeon Netchev (link)

As was often the case, a civil settlement grew around military facilities. The area’s fertile agricultural land and high-quality limestone made it possible to construct a monumental Upper City, which featured public buildings befitting its new status as the capital of the new province of Numidia. The city’s second major period of growth occurred in the first half of the 3rd century AD when its legal status was elevated from that of municipium to that of colonia. 

The legion was disbanded in 238, the “Year of the Six Emperors”, and suffered a damnatio memoriae following the troubles which resulted in the elevation of the emperor Gordian III. This act of condemnation saw the legion’s name chiselled out of inscriptions, effectively erasing it from public memory. In 253, Emperor Valerian and his son Gallienus reformed the legion, possibly giving it the new title of Legio III Augusta Valeriana Galliena. This revival enabled the legion to resume its role as the primary Roman military force in North Africa, where it continued to serve for several more decades. With the legion’s departure in 392, the ancient town declined.

The most prominent remnant of the Roman legionary camp is the four-sided arch, often called the praetorium (the commanding officer’s residence). However, it is actually the groma, which serves as a monumental entrance to the principia (the headquarters building), located at the centre of the camp, at the intersection of the via principalis and the via praetoria. The amphitheatre, 200 metres (656 ft) away, was built in AD 169 under Marcus Aurelius and had a capacity of 12,000. The remains of the town at the edge of the modern village include two triumphal arches (dedicated to Septimius Severus and Caracalla), several Roman temples, including a Capitolium and a sanctuary of Asclepius, baths, and private houses.

Model of the principia in Lambaesis after modifications in 265 under Emperor Gallienus. Photo: Fridrich Rakob (Negative D-DAI-Rome-NA-RAK – 37875)

The small museum of Lambaesis in the centre of the modern town of Tazoult contains an exceptional epigraphic collection, providing invaluable information on changes in soldier recruitment. There are also statues of Aesculapius and Hygieia, a fine head of the child Commodus and mosaics.

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  • Hadrianic legionary base
The Via Principalis (looking west) of the Hadrianic legionary base leading to the Groma (entrance building) at the centre of the principia complex. Barracks and dwellings are placed along the street.
The Via Principalis was one of the two main colonnaded avenues crossing the Principia in an east-west direction.
The Signum of the Legio III Augusta on one of the keystones of the Groma (east side).
The Groma (west side) is located at the centre of the camp. It served as the monumental entrance to the principia, the camp’s headquarters. The Groma marked the intersection of the camp’s two primary roads, the Via Principalis and the Via Praetoria. It is named after the surveying instrument (see here).
Reliefs of the goddess Victory and a laurel wreath on the keystones of the west side of the Groma.
The north side of the Groma. It features a very battered inscription immediately above the central span that records a restoration carried out in 267–8 under Gallienus when the legionary camp was re-commissioned in 253. However, at some point between 286 and 293, the name of the emperor was erased, and the names of Diocletian and Maximian were inserted instead.
The south side of the Groma. The building forms a sort of quadruple arch (c. 30 x 23 m; 15 m high) that admitted wheeled traffic, while the side arches were for pedestrian traffic. Windows on the upper story indicate that this structure was also used as a guardhouse.
The Groma dates wholly or in part to the 3rd century AD. Beneath the building, the foundations of an older predecessor building from the early 2nd century AD are visible.
The Groma from the southeast. On the outside, it is adorned with pilasters and Corinthian columns.
South of the Groma extended a large paved courtyard (65 x 37 m). It was enclosed on three sides by a colonnaded portico that opened into a series of rooms. The fourth side facing the entrance was fully taken up by a Basilica/Tribunal.
Altar dedicated to the goddess Disciplina (CIL VIII 18058) in the camp courtyard with the Latin text Ara / Disciplinae. Discipline was one of the military virtues and was worshipped as the goddess Disciplina. The goddess Disciplina acquired a cult in the 2nd century AD, and coins from the period featured a reverse with Hadrian leading troops with their standards, accompanied by the legend DISCIPLINA AVG.
The peristyle courtyard of the Principia had offices and armouries on the three sides.
View of the Principia’s courtyard and the Groma. In the foreground is a column base from the Basilica/Tribunal, a building divided into three naves by two colonnades of 12 columns each. The large south wall of the Basilica/Tribunal was bordered by apses used for cult activities, including a chapel that housed the standards of each cohort (aedes signorum).
The Sanctuary of the Standards (aedes signorum), a chapel intended to hold the standards of the legion and the cohorts. Some scholars speculate the five underground chambers beneath the chapel were prison cells. (Letteney, M., & Larsen, M. (2021). A Roman Military Prison at Lambaesis. Studies in Late Antiquity, 5(1), 65–102.)
View of the Principia from the northeast.
View of the legionary from the northeast. The headquarters building was surrounded by several identifiable facilities. These include barracks for the soldiers, which have dormitories for the recruits and larger accommodations for the centurions. There are also modest houses for the officers, each featuring central courtyards. In addition, the complex includes storage areas, workshops (fabrica), and baths.
Outside the camp stood the military amphitheatre, constructed in AD 169 under Marcus Aurelius and restored in 180 and 194.
The amphitheatre could seat around 12,000 spectators. Unfortunately, the tiers of seats have disappeared as the French extensively quarried the amphitheatre in 1852 to construct the modern prison.
The Arch of Commodus built ca. AD 180-192 east of the legionary camp. It has a single opening adorned with pilasters.
The Arch of Septimius Severus, built by the Third Legion Augusta during the reign of Septimius Severus. The arch marked the edge of Lambaesis, a kilometre away from the Hadrianic military base.
The Public Baths next to the Arch of Septimius Severus.
The Public Baths have not been fully excavated. However, they have yielded a number of mosaics.
  • Upper Town
The Capitolium, dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Genius of the Colony. It was built in AD 246 and restored in 346-7.
The Capitolium had eight columns across its facade.
The Capitolium was enclosed by a rectangular porticoed court (mistakenly identified as a forum).
The so-called Unidentified Temple, with its foundations standing in a porticoed precinct and facing north (instead of East), possibly serving as a curia.
The so-called Unidentified Temple.
Inscription dedicated to Victoria Augusta, AE 1916 0022, Marcus Virrius Diadumenus, a veteran of Legio III Augusta, erected a statue of Victory using his own money on the occasion of his promotion to the rank of the perpetual priesthood by his colleagues of the curia Hadriana, which they conferred on him in his absence.

The Severan Septizonium, a monumental nymphaeum built during the reign of Septimius Severus in AD 203 and restored by Alexander Severus. It had seven niches with water flowing down into three basins and was decorated with marble ornament and fluted columns.
The road leading to Verecunda, a small market town located between Lambaesis and Thamugadi, features two gates. The nearer gate has three bays and is largely constructed from reused inscriptions. The farther gate, which dates back to the time of Commodus, has only one bay.

The Sanctuary of Asclepius with the Temple of Asclepius and Salus (left) and the Shrine of Silvanus (Right), a god of woodland associated with the Third Legion.
The Shrine of Silvanus in the Sanctuary of Asclepius with the name of the Third Legion partially obliterated following its damnatio memoriae.
The Doric Temple of Asclepius, dedicated by the legate of the Legio III Augusta in AD 162 to the worship of Asclepius and Salus (Hygeia, the personification of Health).
Small shrines in the Sanctuary of Asclepius dedicated to different local divinities.
The Sanctuary of Asclepius with small shrines dedicated to different local divinities.

  • Local Museum
The interior of the museum building with the statues of Aesculapius and Hygeia from the Sanctuary of Asclepius (Asklepieion).
The museum has some fine mosaics from wealthy residences outside the fort.
Mosaic of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, dated to the 2nd or 3rd century AD. Cyrene, who was loved by Apollo, holds a flagon in her left hand, which may symbolize the sacred spring of Cyrene. In her right hand, she holds a reed. Only Apollo’s bare arm is visible to the right, but he can be identified by the quiver on his shoulder.

Inscriptions from Lambaesis in the epigraphic garden of the Lambaesis Museum.
Inscription from the nymphaeum-septizonium built by Alexander Severus (CIL VIII 2659). Dated AD 222-235.
Gift of the Alexandrian waters (the new aqueduct leading to Lambaesis) to the Lambaesitans by Emperor Severus Alexander.
Dedication to Aesculapius and Hygia (CIL VIII 2589). Dated AD 247/248.
Dedicatory inscription commemorating the repair of an aqueduct called the Aqua Titulensis by Aelius Rufus in collaboration with Severinius Apronianus, the governor of the province of Numidia (CIL VIII 2661). Dated AD 276-282.
Inscriptions from Lambaesis (Numidia) in the epigraphic garden of the Lambaesis Museum.
Tombstone of Sextus Vettius Geminus, a veteran of Legio III Augusta who served as a signifier (standard-bearer). He lived sixty years.
Inscriptions and architectural fragments from Lambaesis in the epigraphic garden of the Lambaesis Museum.

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